Method and apparatus for reducing and restoring the effectiveness of a commercial skip system

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus is disclosed which reduces or removes the effectiveness of commercial skip systems such as presently found in VCRs, PVRs, etc. which are designed to delete commercials from signal material upon playback of a previously recorded version of the signal material. In an embodiment, the effectiveness of the commercial skip system is reduced or removed by adding a flat field of selected signal level to active line portions of video lines of the signal material. Other embodiments modify the normal fade to black signal indicative of a commercial to provide a fade to non-black signal. In further embodiments, a fade to non-black signal is inserted in an overscan area of the signal picture. Still further embodiments modify audio signals or selected signals in the horizontal blanking interval which may be used in commercial skip systems to detect the presence of commercials.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/584,569, filed Aug. 13, 2012, currently allowed, which is acontinuation U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/975,067, filed Oct. 17,2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,254,756, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/436,008, filed May 12, 2003, now U.S.Pat. No. 7,298,962, each of which are hereby incorporated by referenceherein in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to video signal processing in whichcommercials are selectively inserted into video signal material, andmore particularly relates to methods and apparatuses for processing avideo (or audio) signal so as to reduce or remove the effectiveness oreffects of commercial skip systems such as those presently found invideo recorders.

Other methods and apparatuses of the invention relate to at leastpartially restoring the effectiveness of a commercial skip system whichhas been reduced or defeated, for example, by the above-mentionedmethods and apparatuses.

Currently there are personal video recorders (PVRs) and video cassetterecorders (VCRs) which have been modified to include commercial skipcircuits which detect the presence of commercials in a recorded videoprogram, and then mark the locations of the commercial for subsequentdeletions. To this end, in one version of a commercial skip system, whenthe recorders are used to record a program, the entire program includingthe commercials are recorded. If the skip system in the recorder isactivated, the recording is shuttled to allow the skip system to detectand then mark the beginning of the commercials in the program. In thisembodiment of a commercial skip system, as the marked recording issubsequently played back, the marks indicating a commercial are detectedand the recording is for example fast forwarded past the commercial tothe point where the program is resumed. Thus, the commercials are, ineffect, skipped.

Such a commercial skip system is described for example in U.S. Pat. No.5,333,091 ('091), U.S. Pat. No. 5,692,093 ('093) and U.S. Pat. No.5,696,866 ('866) all by Iggulden et al. This system, called “CommercialAdvance” system, which has been implemented in some VCRs sold in the USmarket, employs two basic steps for providing commercial detection anddeletion (that is, skipping). In the first step, the Commercial Advancesystem uses a video event detector, and also may include an audio eventdetector to detect relevant video events and audio events. The videoevent detector is mainly based on the detection of black or dark videoframes that are frequently observed between commercials. The audio eventdetector detects generally low audio signals between commercials. Bydetecting dark video frames (and also “silent scene,” low audiosignals), Commercial Advance method marks the events and stores theminto an event list that can be analyzed later by its commercialdetection method in the second step. The commercial detection methoddetects multiple groups of commercials based on the event list and a setof rules such as the typical commercial length (e.g., 30 seconds) andminimum number of commercials within each group of commercials.

It is readily apparent that a commercial skip system such as thosedisclosed in the patents ('091), ('093) and ('866) of previous mentionrely on analyzing a video data stream for specific timing of detectableevents such as blank or black video frames indicative of essentially twoportions of the video data stream; commercials and non-commercials. Thesystem stores the timing of the detectable events and then generates aclassification signal based on the storage of the detectable events, tothereby cause the skipping of commercials during the subsequent (atleast second) playback of the analyzed data stream. It follows that theCommercial Advance system of patents ('091), ('093) and ('866) does notskip commercials in real time or near real time.

In prior art of interest relative to the present invention, US PatentApplication Publications 2003/0001977 A1 ('1977) and 2002/0191950 A1('1950) both to X. Wang, disclose apparatus and method for preventingautomated commercial detection and is comprised of a commercialtransition localization device, a circuit for generating aclassification signal and a subsequently applied commercial transitionmodification device. The commercial transition localization devicelocalizes all commercial transitions within a given video signal after afirst examination of the video program and supplies the information tothe commercial transition modification device in a later playbackprocess. In a subsequent replay of the video signal, the commercialtransition modification device generates a new transition for each foundoriginal commercial transition, and replaces the original transitionswith the new transitions. The new generated commercial transitions aredesigned in such a way that they are in general not detectable byautomated commercial detection methods used by common commercialdetection and elimination systems such as the Commercial Advance systemof previous mention. Thus it may be seen that the system disclosed inthe patent application publications to Wang is based upon and relies onthe two step, non real time technique disclosed in the US patents('091), ('093) and ('866) discussed previously.

In a version of the system disclosed in publications ('1977) and ('1950)wherein the classification signal is derived automatically, duringrecording of the video program the derived classification signalrequires a memory (RAM) along with a microprocessor and another memory(ROM) for providing analysis. The classification information is storedin the RAM in association with the video signal's time code or timeidentification to provide the means for controlling the precise timingwhen subsequently playing back the video program. To provide a workablesystem it is readily apparent that the video signal, i.e., program, mustbe played twice. That is, the video program is played a first time toallow for generation of the classification signal, which has a specifictiming with respect of the time code of the video program. Subsequently,the video program must be played a second time to synchronize it withthe previously stored classification signal, whereupon the normalcommercial transitions are replaced with the modified transitions asshown for example in FIGS. 1-3 of the Publication ('1977). Notice thatthe video signal is not modified outside of the commercial transitions.

In a second version of the system disclosed in Publications ('1977) and('1950), the classification signal, which identifies the commercial andnon-commercial portions of the whole video program, is derived manually.In this version, the video program is played and rewound multiple timesto retrieve the exact time locations of each of the many groups ofcommercials and corresponding commercial transitions. Then after theentire video program is analyzed manually, the manually compiledclassification signal is timed with the video program's time code toallow the commercials to be detected and played upon the second playbackof the video program, thereby defeating the commercial skip system. Asis readily apparent, the system of Publications ('1977) and ('1950)provides for the defeat of a commercial skip system, such as CommercialAdvance, in non real time.

It follows that the system of the Publications ('1977) and/or ('1950)does not provide a commercial skip defeat process which operates in realtime, nor does it modify the video signal outside of the commercialtransitions. That is, the system requires the use of a classificationsignal, the use of timecode marking on the recorded video program, andthe playback of the recorded video program a second time in non realtime. The latter drawback produces an unacceptable delay in broadcastingthe video program due to the fact that the material must be played backat least a second time. The delay is at least the duration of the videoprogram. For example, a 30 minute program with commercials will produceat least a 30 minute delay before being played back.

Further, the system of the Publications ('1977) and ('1950) relies on acommercial transition modification device which generates a new modifiedcommercial transition for each original commercial transition detected,and replaces the original transitions with the new modified transitions.It follows then that each original commercial transition first must bedetected before it can be replaced upon a second playback of the videosignal.

However, it is appreciated that production and/or broadcast companies;which depend on income from the presentation of commercials in theirprograms material, prefer that the effects of commercial skip systemssuch as Commercial Advance installed in VCRs, PVRs and other recorders,be nullified or otherwise overcome.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method and apparatus for overcoming orotherwise circumventing in real time the effectiveness of the commercialskip systems of previous mention, such as disclosed for example in U.S.Pat. No. 5,333,091, U.S. Pat. No. 5,692,093 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,866of previous mention.

To this end, the present invention provides method and apparatus formodifying a video signal in real time, whether it is recorded in digitalor analog format, so that the commercial skip system is defeated orrendered less effective in identifying the presence of commercials,whereby the video program is played back without substantially skippingthe commercials. As described below, the present invention providesvarious embodiments which modify the video signal in signal regionsincluding outside of the commercial transitions. The digital or analogrecording formats may be used in recorders with any combination ofoptical devices (e.g. CDR, DVDR), magnetic hardware (e.g. hard diskdrive recorders), tape devices (e.g. analog or digital tape recorders)or solid state memory devices.

Thus, the present invention provides for modifying a regular videoprogram when supplied, broadcast, etc., “on the fly,” by modifyingvarious video sources in the production or broadcast location, or bymodifying various production techniques. This results in a reduction ofthe effectiveness of a commercial skip system without the use of aclassification signal, the use of timecode marking on a recorded videoprogram, the need for playback of the recorded video program at least asecond time, or the producing of an unacceptable delay in thebroadcasting or modifying of the video program due to having to playbackthe video program at least a second time. It is readily understood thatsuch a delay is at least the duration of the program; for example, a 30minute program complete with added commercials will cause a delay of 30minutes in a production or broadcast of the program for the prior artprocess.

The present invention also provides method and apparatus for modifyingin real time the video signal, that is, program video, in such a waythat the commercial skip system falsely detects or senses the presenceof commercials when no commercial exists. This causes certain portionsof the program video to be skipped upon playback of the recordedprogram, which in turn discourages a user from the use of the commercialskip system.

Further, the present invention provides for circumventing or reducing(including for example in real time) the effectiveness of a commercialskip system which detects and uses for example a back porch reference, async signal reference, etc., to determine the presence of a commercialin program material.

An alternative embodiment of the present invention provides method andapparatus for reducing (including for example in real time) theeffectiveness of the various techniques mentioned above for reducing orremoving the commercial skip system, so that the commercial skip systemand feature is at least partially restored.

In one embodiment of the invention, the effect or effectiveness of thecommercial skip system is reduced or removed by adding a selected signalto selected active video lines of the video signal. For example, a flatfield of about 5% to about 30% or more white level may be added toactive line portions of selected lines of the video signal. The addedflat field thus constitutes a raised pedestal or offset of from about 10to 30 IRE units, which raises accordingly the level of the video signalsuch that a fade to black signal, indicative of the beginning of acommercial, does not occur. Since the commercial skip system relies onsensing a program scene fading to black in order to mark the timelocation of a commercial, the system fails to perform its intendedfunction of skipping, that is, deleting, commercials in the programmaterial being played back.

As may be seen, the above embodiment modifies the video signal inportions thereof which are located outside of the commercialtransitions, for example, in the active video signal.

Raising the level of the active video portions of the video signalhowever, causes a corresponding increase in brightness in the viewedprogram. This brightness change can be compensated for by adjusting thebrightness control of the television set upon playback of the videoprogram. In a modification of the above technique further describedbelow, the level of the active video portions are such that thebrightness change on playback is not objectionable and compensationtherefore is not necessary during playback.

Another embodiment of the invention for removing or at least reducingthe effectiveness of the commercial skip system comprises modifying thefade to black signal in such a manner as to produce only a fade tonon-black signal such as for example a gray level signal. A chromasignal added to a black level luminance signal also sufficiently reducesthe effects of a commercial skip system.

Other non-black signals include for example, a station or network logo,a gray level signal plus a color signal, a color signal alone, a randomor varying luminance signal and/or a random color signal.

The fade to non-black signal may take up selected pixels of selectedvideo lines of selected video fields. In addition, the intensity of thefade to non-black signal may be varied as the program video is fading tothe non-black signal.

In another embodiment of the invention, a non-black signal such asmentioned above is inserted in the overscan area of the video picture.By way of example, the overscan area may be a few top and/or bottomvideo lines in an active video field which are not normally seen sincethey are not in the active video area; that is, are in the overscanregion outside of the observable picture displayed on a television set.The overscan area also includes the beginning and/or end of selectedvideo lines outside of the active video line portions, and generallywithin the horizontal blanking interval (HBI). However, this overscanarea may encroach a microsecond or more into the beginning and/or end ofthe active video portion.

In a modification of the embodiment using a fade to non-black signal,when the normal fade to black signals are to be inserted at thebeginning of a commercial, a partial fade to black is inserted instead.For example, a switcher or fader device may provide only 80 or 90% of afade to black signal, thereby providing in essence a fade to non-blacksignal.

Depending upon whether the commercial skip system employs a detectorcircuit which detects a back porch reference or a sync tip reference,other modifications of the video signal may be made to at least reducethe effectiveness of the commercial skip system. For instance, if a backporch reference is used by the commercial skip system to detectcommercials, then lowering a portion of the back porch so as to cause anerroneous reference level for the detection circuit can reduce thecommercial skip system effectiveness.

If a sync tip signal is used as a reference, then increasing the synclevel can also provide an erroneous reference level and attendantreduction of skip system effectiveness.

In still a further embodiment, the program video is modified byinserting false fade to black signals from time to time so as tostimulate fading from a program video to black as for a commercial. Sofor example, instead of cuts from scene to scene, inserting a fade toblack followed by a cut to the scene is a way of causing positivesignals which falsely indicate the presence of a commercial in theprogram video. The end result is that the VCR or PVR skips portions ofthe program video which in turn discourages a user from employing thecommercial skip feature built into the VCR or PVR.

In yet further embodiments of the invention, method and apparatus areprovided for overcoming audio signal level sensing techniques employedin a type of commercial skip system which detects a higher than normalaverage audio signal level indicative of the presence of a commercial inthe respective video signal. To this end, the present invention furthercontemplates a unique technique for detecting the presence ofcommercials utilizing audio information in the audio signal.

The present invention further contemplates method and apparatus fordefeating or at least reducing, the effectiveness of the variouscommercial skip system defeating embodiments described above, so thatthe commercial skip system is at least partially restored.

To this end, given the above discussed skip system defeating embodimentin which the video signal pedestal or offset has been increased toreduce or defeat the skip system, a negative signal such as about a −5%to about −15% white signal is added to selected portions of active videolines of the video signal to at least partially restore the commercialskip system.

In another skip system restoring embodiment which counters the abovediscussed skip system defeating embodiment in which a non-black signalis inserted or added to selected portions of the video signal such asthe overscan area, the fade to non-black signal is modified by replacingor attenuating at least a sufficient portion of the non-black signal toallow at least partially restoring the commercial skip system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating a typical prior art apparatusfor marking and skipping commercials included in a video signal. Suchapparatus is herein referred to as a commercial skip system.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating the addition of apparatus inaccordance with the present invention within the prior art environmentof the apparatus of FIG. 1A to reduce or defeat the effectiveness of thecommercial skip system.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating a typical prior art videoswitcher or mix.er apparatus in a broadcast or cable environment.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating a basic configuration of theinvention which uses the signals generated in the video switcher ormixer apparatus to reduce or defeat the commercial skip system.

FIG. 2C is a block diagram of another basic configuration of theinvention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the presentinvention which adds a signal to selected active portions of video linesin a video signal.

FIG. 4 is a view of a television raster illustrating an area outside theactive video area, commonly referred to as the overscan area, whereinthe added signal of FIG. 3 may be inserted into a selected portion orportions of the overscan area.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram further illustrating the embodiment of FIG. 3,and wherein a signal is added to selected active video lines and/or toselected portions of the overscan area. The added signal may encroachinto the horizontal blanking interval.

FIG. 5A is a waveform illustrating an addition of a luminance signal aswell as a chroma signal in the overscan area of the video picture.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of theinvention comprising a fader circuit for applying a fade to non-blacksignal in place of a fade to black signal.

FIGS. 6A-6C are waveforms generated by the circuit of FIG. 6.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating a circuit for generating anon-black signal from luminance and/or chroma components.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram illustrating a circuit for generating a fadeto logo, fade to station ID, etc.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating yet another embodiment of theinvention wherein the non-black signal is modulated with a selectedsignal source.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating still another embodiment of theinvention which includes AC coupling to modify a video signal so as toreduce a commercial skip system's effectiveness.

FIGS. 10A, 10B and 10C are schematic diagrams illustrating modificationsto the circuit of FIG. 10, wherein the modifications replace the circuitextending from points A to B in FIG. 10.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of theinvention comprising a fader control circuit.

FIG. 11A is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the inventionwhich modifies a normal fade to black signal to provide a partial fadeto black signal wherein a portion of the program video remains prior toimplementing a fade to full commercial.

FIG. 11B is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the inventionwhich generates a normal fade to black signal.

FIG. 11C is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the inventionwhich modifies a normal fade to black signal to provide a partial fadeto black signal wherein a portion of the program video remains prior toimplementing a fade to full commercial.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating circuitry in a type ofcommercial skip system which detects the presence of commercials bysensing audio information included in the audio signal.

FIGS. 13A and 13B are block diagrams illustrating alternativeembodiments of the invention which provide for reducing or defeating theeffectiveness of a commercial skip system which employs an audio sensingtechnique to detect commercials.

FIGS. 14A and 14B are block diagrams illustrating further embodimentsfor decreasing audio levels automatically via a video source so as toreduce or defeat the effectiveness of a commercial skip system whichemploys an audio sensing technique.

FIG. 15 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of theinvention as incorporated in a user's set top box. An associatedrecorder may include magnetic tape hardware or optical disk technologysuch as for example DVDR, CDR, etc., devices, and/or may include a harddrive, a CD ROM, a tape transport, a DVD ROM, a DVD-R, CDR, CDRW or amemory unit such as RAM or ROM.

FIG. 16 is a block diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of theinvention which employs a modification of a portion of the horizontalblanking interval (HBI) (for example, the horizontal sync, H sync) todegrade or reduce the effectiveness of a commercial skip system whichuses the H sync to detect the presence of a commercial.

FIGS. 16A-16C are waveforms illustrating the modification of the HBI asperformed by the circuit of FIG. 16.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram illustrating another alternative embodimentof the invention which employs a modification of a portion of a backporch of the HBI to degrade the effectiveness of a commercial skipsystem which uses the back porch level to determine the presence of acommercial.

FIG. 17A is a waveform illustrating a modification of the HBI asperformed by the circuit of FIG. 17.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating still another embodiment of theinvention which automatically adds a signal to the video signal duringsubstantially black level video fields to thereby reduce theeffectiveness of a commercial skip system.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating yet another embodiment of theinvention which adds a signal to a video signal that contains at least avideo field of black level, to reduce the effectiveness of a commercialskip system.

FIGS. 19A-19C are waveforms illustrating the signals generated atvarious points of the circuit of FIG. 19.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating another embodiment of theinvention which combines the addition of a signal to a black field whilealso adding a signal to active portions of the video signal, to reducethe effectiveness of a commercial skip system.

FIGS. 20A-20C are waveforms illustrating the signals generated atvarious points of the circuit of FIG. 20.

FIGS. 21A-21C are graphs illustrating examples of nonlinear transferfunctions corresponding to associated embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram illustrating an alternative embodiment of theinvention for detecting a luminance level which has been level shiftedand then returning the video signal to its normal condition, to thus atleast partially restore or enhance the effectiveness of a commercialskip system.

FIG. 23 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the inventionfor enhancing the effectiveness of a commercial skip system or for atleast partially restoring the effectiveness of a commercial skip systemwhose effectiveness has been reduced or defeated for example by aninventive embodiment of previous description hereinabove.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1A illustrates a typical apparatus for delivering a video signal(alternately referenced to herein as program video, video program orprogram material) from a program video source 2 to a recorder 4 such asa video cassette recorder (VCR), or a personal video recorder (PVR),etc. The program video source 2 is coupled to a transmitter or modulatordevice 6 and thence to the recorder 4 via for example an antenna, cable,dish, etc., delivery system. As depicted via a dashed line, the programvideo alternatively may be delivered directly to the recorder 4. In thisexample of the prior art apparatus, the recorder 4 contains a commercialskip system which may be enabled by a user such that commercialsincluded in the program video of source 2 will be skipped in the courseof a recording or playback process. It is to be understood that the VCRor PVR may include a storage unit which may include a hard drive, a CDROM, a tape transport, a DVD ROM, a DVD-R, CDR, CDRW, RAM or ROM etc.

The various embodiments of the present invention are concerned withreducing or defeating the effectiveness of such a commercial skip systemcontained in the various types of recorders. Several of theseembodiments can be adapted to enhance the effectiveness of a commercialskip system, along with further embodiments for providing suchenhancement.

To this end, FIG. 1B illustrates the addition of the invention to theapparatus of FIG. 1A as a modifier circuit 8 inserted between theprogram video source 2 and the transmitter or modulator device 6. Inaccordance with the invention, the modifier circuit 8 alters thecharacteristics of the program video such that the effectiveness of acommercial skip system contained in the recorder in sensing and skippingcommercials during record and/or playback will be reduced or defeated.The modifier circuit 8 for example may raise black levels of at leastcertain portions of selected video fields in the video signal to therebycause the. commercial skip system in the recorder 4 to have the reducedeffectiveness.

FIG. 2A illustrates a typical video switcher or mixer device 10 (forexample, in a broadcast or cable environment). As depicted, a videosource, such as the program video source 2 of FIGS. 1A, 1B, suppliesprogram video such as a movie or the like to one input of the videoswitcher or mixer device 10. Another input of device 10 typicallyreceives a black level signal via for example an internal or externalsource. Another input of the device 10 is supplied with commercials viaa commercial source. In the process of showing a commercial contained inthe program video, in response to a switcher/mixer control signal atcontrol input 9, the program video is faded to the black level signaland thence is faded or switched to a commercial at the end of the blacklevel signal. Upon reaching the end of the commercial, the black levelsignal is again applied whereupon the program video is mixed, faded orswitched back in at the end of the black level signal.

It follows that a commercial skip system may use the characteristic of afade to black transition to detect and/or identify a commercial and tothen mark and thereafter skip the commercial during a recording and/orplayback process.

FIG. 2B illustrates an embodiment of the invention wherein a non-black(level) signal is substituted for the black (level) signal supplied toswitcher or mixer device 10 in response to the control signal on input9. In accordance with the invention, when the switcher or mixer device10 now fades to a non-black signal instead of the fade to black signalof FIG. 2A, the recorder 4 (FIG. 1B) will have trouble detecting thecommercial. Thus, the commercial skip system contained in the recorder 4will have reduced effectiveness in that it no longer can effectivelyidentify the presence of commercials.

FIG. 2C illustrates another embodiment of the invention wherein theswitcher/mixer control is altered so as to not fade to black completely,i.e., to partially fade to black, before going to a commercial. To thisend, a control modifier circuit 11 modifies the switcher/mixer controlsignal on input 9 to provide a modified control signal on input 7 of theswitcher or mixer device 10 such that the black signal is not completelytransitioned in upon fading from the program video. Here, as in FIG. 2B,a recorder (4 of FIG. 1B) cannot effectively detect or identify thepresence of commercials, whereby an integral commercial skip system willnot function effectively.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the invention which provides amodified output signal which may be transmitted or otherwise supplied toVCRs, PVRs or other memory devices of previous mention. The PVRs mayinclude the hard drive and/or optical disk technology such as forexample the CDR and/or DVD devices, wherein a video signal such asprogram video is supplied via an input 12 to a timing generator 14formed of for example a sync separator and video line counters. Theoutput of the timing generator 14 is a control signal having a selectedlogic level for selected active video lines and which is supplied to acontrol input of a switch 16. Switch 16 has one input coupled to groundand a second input to an offset signal Vsig.1. The control signalcontrols switch 16 to gate the offset signal Vsig.1 directly to asumming circuit 18, or optionally to the circuit 18 via an optionalamplifier 20. The video signal on input 12 also is supplied to a secondinput of the summing circuit 18 whereby the output of circuit 18 on anoutput 22 is the video signal with the offset signal Vsig.1 added to thevideo lines selected by the timing generator 14 via the switch 16. Byway of example, the signal Vsig.1 may comprise a positive signal whichsimply is added in the active field and video line portions of the videosignal, to the exclusion of the sync signal and/or the horizontalblanking interval.

Since raising the level of the active video signal also raises thebrightness level of the displayed scene on the television set, it may benecessary to lower the brightness by turning down the brightness controlon the television set upon playback of the video signal.

FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment which provides a modifiedoutput signal which may be transmitted or otherwise supplied torecording apparatus such as the VCRs, PVRs, etc., of previous mention,and which employs a technique of applying an added signal, such as theoffset signal Vsig.1 generated in FIG. 3, in an overscan portion, orportions, 24, of the active video area of a video signal. Although theoverscan areas include the active video portions 24, the areas are notdisplayed in the television picture because of the inherent overscancharacteristic of television sets. More particularly, the overscanportions may include beginning and end of video lines 24 a, 24 b,respectively, and selected video lines at the top and bottom of theactive video field 24 c, 24 d, respectively.

FIG. 5 illustrates a general circuit which provides a modified outputsignal which may be transmitted or otherwise supplied to VCRs, PVRs,etc., from for example a broadcasting facility, for adding or insertingan additional signal in real time to selected lines and/or pixels of avideo signal, such as previously discussed with respect of FIGS. 3 and4. In addition, the circuit also illustrates means for adding orinserting the additional signal to selected overscan portions (24) ofthe active video signal previously depicted for example in FIG. 4.

To this end, a video signal in which a commercial skip system wouldnormally detect commercials, is supplied via input 30 to a timinggenerator 32 similar to timing generator 14 of FIG. 3. Timing generator32 provides several output signals including for example a selectedlines signal, a selected pixels signal and a selected overscan linessignal, on lines 34, 36 and 38, respectively. Lines 34 and 36 arecoupled to inputs of an AND gate 40, whereby gate 40 supplies a signalvia a line 42 with a selected logic state indicative of selected videolines and selected video pixels. The signal output from the AND gate 40is supplied to an OR gate 44 along with the overscan lines signal online 38. The output of the OR gate 44 is supplied to the control inputof a switch 46.

The video signal is also supplied to one terminal of a jumper 48 as wellas to an input of an adder 50. The second terminal of the jumper 48 iscoupled to a resistor 52 and to a first input of the switch 46. Resistor52 is coupled to ground. A second input of switch 46 is coupled to avoltage source 54 which supplies a signal Vsig.2. The output of switch46 is coupled to a second input of the adder 50 and also provides anoutput signal on an output 56.

When the jumper 48 is closed, the video signal is supplied to the firstinput of switch 46 and, in response to the selected logic level of thecontrol signal from OR gate 44, inserts the waveform signal Vsig.2 intothe video signal during the selected pixels and/or the selected lines,or the selected overscan lines, as determined by the control signalsupplied to switch 46. The resulting output signal on output 56comprises a modified video signal with a waveform of the signal Vsig.2inserted during the duration of the selected pixels and/or lines. Whenthe jumper 48 is opened, the video signal on input 30 is supplied to theadder 50 and, in response to the control signal, the switch 46 suppliesthe signal Vsig.2 to the adder 50 during the selected pixels, linesand/or overscan lines. Signal Vsig.2 is added to the video signal duringthe selected pixels and/or lines and the combined signals are output asa modified video signal on an output 58.

FIG. 5A is a waveform illustrating the output signals on outputs 56, 58of FIG. 5 which are applied to a video signal's selected pixels ofselected lines. As depicted, the beginning of an active video line ismodified by inserting or adding a signal, such as the signal Vsig.2,herein illustrated as a luminance component signal 60 and/or a chromacomponent signal 62. In addition, the ending of the active video linemay be modified by inserting or adding a similar signal; that is, aluminance component signal 60′ and/or a chroma component signal 62′thereto. It is understood that the locations of these signals may vary.For example, the duration of the HBI 64, HBI 64′, may be changed such asto thereby allow the signals to be expanded in duration and/or to belocated nearer to the respective sync pulse 66, 66′.

FIG. 6 illustrates the technique employed, for example at a broadcastingfacility, where the usual fade to black signal is replaced by a fade tonon-black signal Vsig.3 in accordance with the present invention.

To this end, a fader control circuit 68 receives a video signal (e.g.,program video) on an input A and a Vsig.3 signal (e.g., a non-blacksignal) on an input Band, in response to a control signal such as thecontrol signal of FIG. 5, switches from the fade to black signal to thefade to non-black signal and outputs the resulting signal on an output70.

FIGS. 6A 6C illustrate the various signals discussed in respect of FIG.6. Thus, FIG. 6A illustrates a normal incoming video signal at input Aof FIG. 6, and the conventional fade to black signal which is appliedleading into a commercial break. FIG. 6B illustrates a control signalapplied to the control input of the fader control circuit 68. FIG. 6Cillustrates the resulting output signal provided by the fader controlcircuit 68 in response to the control signal; namely the switching fromthe fade to black to a fade to non-black signal Vsig.3. Also depicted isa Vsig.3 signal which may be varied in time. To this end, FIG. 6Cexemplifies in dashed line 72 such fade to non-black signal which isincreasing in amplitude as the fader control circuit 68 fades to the Binput, i.e., fades with a varying Vsig.3.

FIG. 7 illustrates a circuit which may be used for synthesizing thesignals Vsig.2 or Vsig.3. Thus, a DC signal or a waveform signal issupplied to an adjustable potentiometer 78 or mixer. A video signal isapplied to a color phase locked loop (PLL) circuit 80, or equivalentsubcarrier generator, which supplies a color subcarrier signal to theadjustable potentiometer 78. Adjustment of the potentiometer 78 settingdetermines the mixture of DC or waveform signal with the colorsubcarrier signal which in turn may be used as the signals Vsig.2 andVsig.3 of the signal sources shown for example in the embodiments ofFIGS. 5 and 6, or may be used as the signal Vsig.1 in the FIG. 3. Thesignals Vsig.2 or Vsig.3 are supplied from the potentiometer (or faderor mixing circuit) 78 via an amplifier 82.

FIG. 8 illustrates an alternative circuit for generating a signalVsig.3. To this end, a video signal is supplied to a waveform generator86 for example which synthesizes or recalls from memory a company logo,station ID, etc., which then is used as the non-black signal of previousdiscussion.

FIG. 9 illustrates a circuit for modifying the signals Vsig.1, Vsig.2 orVsig.3, wherein the signal Vsig (i.e., 1, 2 or 3) is supplied to amodulator 90. A random signal generator 92 supplies a random signal, aperiodic or non-periodic signal, a pseudo random signal or apreprogrammed signal to the modulator 90, which then modulates theincoming Vsig to provide an output of modulated Vsig′ in accordance withthe modulating signal from the generator 92. The modulator 90 may be anamplitude and/or phase modulator which thus may amplitude and/or phasemodulate the signal Vsig.

FIG. 10 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention whichprovides a modified signal which may be transmitted or otherwisesupplied in real time to VCRs, PVRs, etc., from a broadcasting facility,wherein the circuit modifies the video signal by causing a variableoffset or video pedestal in response to the average picture level (APL)of the video signal. Instead of adding a fixed offset voltage signal tothe active video signal, this embodiment decouples at least a portion ofthe black level restoration effect on the video signal. To this end, avideo signal is supplied to an amplifier 94 which in turn supplies, viaa point A, a clamped video signal to a timing circuit 96, to a commonconnection of a capacitor 98 and resistor 100, and to one input of aswitch 102. The other common connection of capacitor 98 and resistor 100is coupled to a signal source 104 supplying a signal Vbias via aresistor 106, and also to an amplifier 108. The timing circuit 96 iscoupled to a control input of the switch 102 while the amplifier 108 iscoupled to a second input of the switch 102.

When the incoming video signal (for example, program video) fades toblack at the input of the circuit, the at least partially AC coupledcircuit consisting of capacitor 98 resistors 100, 106 and the signalVbias, causes the video signal to have a partial loss of DC restoration.The output of the partially AC coupled circuit is supplied to theamplifier 108 and the output of the latter is supplied at point B to theswitch 102. The switch 102 inserts the partially AC coupled signal inplace of the original input video signal for specific lines and/orpixels in response to a timing control signal from the timing circuit96. As a result, a fade to black signal may not fade to a black level,or a fade to black signal may have a lag time which occurs before theblack signal settles in. Alternatively, the output signal of the switch10 my fade to black for a short interval before a gray level settles in.The resulting video signal is supplied at the output of the switch 102.Therefore, the system of FIG. 10 modifies the selected active videoportions of the video signal by at least partially AC coupling (orpartially DC restoring) the video signal. This reduces the effectivenessof the commercial skip system.

FIG. 10A illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention of FIG.10, which uses a partial DC (or black level) restoration technique asmeans to adaptively adjust the black levels of a video signal on thebasis of the average picture level (APL), that is, on the content in thevideo picture. More importantly, this technique allows the black levelto “float” up during low average picture level (APL) levels whilemaintaining substantially correct black levels for higher APL levelssuch as mid or peak whites. It also is possible to use a circuit whichpartially clamps a video signal to achieve results similar to thosediscussed above.

In FIG. 10A, clamped video from for example the amplifier 94 of FIG. 10,is supplied to a resistor 95 and thence to a capacitor 97 which iscoupled to a diode 99, a current source 103 and an amplifier 105. Thediode 99 is coupled to a voltage source Vbias2 via a resistor 101. Thelocation of FIG. 10A with respect of FIG. 10 is defined by the pointslabeled A and B in the FIGS. 10 and 10B.

In FIG. 10A, depending on the values of the capacitor 97 and theresistors 95 and/or 101, and with a selected current flow setting ofIset for the current source 105, a video signal will exhibit a certainamount of sync clipping that is related or proportional to the APL,which then causes black levels to drop with a greater APL. Thereforeeither or both resistors 95 or 101 are chosen as a finite value,preferably non zero, so as to allow a certain amount of sync clipping tooccur given a current flow setting of Iset. Vbias 2 is set to allow thatat low APL levels, the blanking level is higher than normal (e.g., 7.5IRE in NTSC), while at high APL, the black level is at least close to anormal black level (e.g., −5 IRE to 10 IRE). The output of the amplifier105 is then fed to a circuit such as the switch 102, FIG. 10, thatinserts active video portions to a standard sync signal, which mayinclude a color burst signal. The resulting signal is then a videosignal that may be used to reduce the effectiveness of a commercial skipsignal.

Also depending on the values of the capacitor 97 and resistors 95, 101,and Iset, this circuit may partially DC restore the video signal. Forexample, if resistor 95 is close to zero ohm and the capacitor 97 isabout 39 micro-farads, resistor 101 is set to about 1000 ohms, Iset isadjusted to about 45 micro amps and Vbias 2 is set to about 0.7 volt,the output of amplifier 105 will show a normal blanking level (e.g.,about zero volt for back porch level) for a 100% flat field, while acolor black signal will show a raised level (e.g., the 7.5 IRE blacklevel with blanking level raised by about 10 IRE). Thus when a scenefades to black, the circuit of FIG. 10A adjusts in a seamless fashion toraise or float the black level. With active portion(s) of the output ofamplifier 105 inserted or switched in with standard sync and/or colorburst, FIG. 10A forms a processing circuit that seamlessly adjusts theblack level according to the video signal's APL.

The response time of the adjustment or floating of black level may bechanged by varying the values of capacitor 97 or of Iset's current flow.Also, in the example where Iset is adjusted for 45 micro amps, Iset maybe replaced with one end of a (135,000 ohm) resistor coupled to thecathode of the diode 99 and with the other end of the (135,000 ohm)resistor coupled to a negative (6 volt) supply. Of course, othercomponents or component values are possible to implement a partial DCrestoration circuit that is part of a system to reduce the effectivenessof a commercial skip system. For example, see FIG. 10B.

It should be noted that taking a sample in the HBI such as in a portionof the back porch or a portion of sync tip of the output of FIG. 10Awill generate a voltage usable for biasing active portions of a videosignal to result in a reduction in effectiveness of a commercial skipsystem. In this instance, the sampled voltage varies according to anAPL, with a smaller voltage sample provided for large APLs and with alarger voltage sample provided for smaller APLs, such as a black scene.This sampled (e.g., sample and hold) voltage is then gated through anactive pixel timing generator (not shown) to sum with the program videosignal, which then results in a raised or floated black level, whilekeeping substantially correct black levels for a higher APL conditionsuch as near 100% APL.

In order for the circuits of FIGS. 10A and 10B to provide partial DC orblack level restoration, the resistor 95 may be driven by a lowimpedance or may be deleted. Thus, there is a lossy resistance in serieswith the (DC restoration) diode 99 to provide achieving partial DCrestoration, or black level restoration, for example, as means forreducing the effectiveness of the commercial skip system.

FIG. 10B illustrates an alternative implementation of FIGS. 10 and 10Awherein a resistance in series with a diode in a DC restoration circuitcauses partial DC restoration of a video signal. As depicted in thepartial or “soft” DC restoration circuit of FIG. 10B, the diode may bereplaced with a transistor 107 (or FET), whereby the emitter or sourceis coupled to the series resistor 101′, the base or gate is coupled to abias voltage Vbias2, and the collector or drain is coupled to a supplyvoltage V.

FIG. 10C illustrates another implementation of FIG. 10 comprising anegative peak clipping circuit. Clamped video is input at the point A(see FIG. 10) and is supplied via a resistor 115 to a peak clipper 109formed of a differential amplifier 111 and a diode 113. The positiveinput of amplifier 111 is supplied with a voltage Vclip level, and thenegative input is coupled to a line extending from the resistor 115 tothe amplifier 105.

In FIG. 10C the video signal is clipped via the negative peak clippingcircuit 109 at a selected clip level, which may be for example, about 10to about 15 IRE. The resulting signal supplied to the amplifier 105 thenis essentially the active video signal without the normal sync and colorburst signals. The sync and color burst signals are added back into thenegatively clipped video signal via the switch 102 (FIG. 10), whereuponthe video signal from the circuit of FIG. 10 contains raised activevideo portions, which cause a reduction in the effectiveness of thecommercial skip system.

The fader control circuit 68 of FIG. 6 is further depicted in FIG. 11.FIG. 11A illustrates the technique used to achieve the fade signal byvarying the proportions of the incoming video signal at input A versusthe Vsig signal at input B via the location of an adjustable resistancecontact 110. FIG. 11B illustrates the generation of a normal fade toblack signal by adjusting the contact 110 to obtain 100% of Vsig atinput Band 0% of the video signal at input A. FIG. 11C illustrates analternative technique of providing an output which partially fades toblack by selecting a proportion of 90% of the Vsig and 10% of the videosignal. It is readily apparent that the percentages of the signals maybe varied via the contact 110 to provide a desired effect, but thegeneral desire is to not fade to black completely before the commercialis subsequently faded in. The fader or switcher control circuit asdescribed in FIG. 6 may be used in a broadcast facility to provide themodified signals for reducing the effectiveness of the commercial skipsystem in real time.

An alternative commercial skip system may employ commercial detectioncircuitry which not only receives a video signal but also receives anduses audio signal information to provide commercial detection. FIG. 12illustrates a commercial detection system which includes sensing theaudio information to provide for commercial detection such as forexample in a commercial skip system of the type which detects anincrease in audio signal level as well as a change in the video signallevel to determine the—presence of a commercial. To this end, a videosignal is supplied to a fade to black detector (or a black fielddetector) 112 whose output is supplied to a logic circuit 114. An audio,signal is supplied to an audio energy determining circuit 116 whoseoutput is supplied to the logic circuit 114 via a threshold detector118. The determining circuit 116 is designed to generate an averageaudio energy function (for example an RMS [root mean square] voltagemeasuring circuit) such that when commercials are present, the circuit116 assigns a higher value to the normally higher average audio signallevels that commercials produce in comparison to the program video (forexample, a movie). The threshold detector 118 is set to trigger anoutput of for example a high logic level for the higher than averageaudio level signals from the determining circuit 116. The logic circuit114 may consist of a central processing unit (CPU) which makes adecision based on a video fade to black signal (or a black field signal)and to a higher than normal audio signal level. Normally program videowill fade to black followed by the higher than normal audio level,whereupon the logic circuit 114 will output a signal indicative of thepresence of a commercial.

In certain situations, when the video signal decreases to asubstantially black video level in the detector 112, the logic circuit114 may look for a low in audio energy or for a loss of audio level todetermine that a commercial is either about to begin or to end. Forexample, the video fades to black, which includes a short interval ofaudio silence, followed by a larger than normal audio volume, whereupona commercial then begins.

It is to be understood that in some cases, the detector 112 may be a cutor switch to black detector.

FIG. 13A illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention, whichprovides for reducing or defeating in real time a commercial skip systemwhich detects commercials using an audio sensing system. To this end, anaudio processor circuit 120 receives an audio signal and compresses orsubstantially evens out the differences in audio levels or average audiolevels of both the video (program) signal and the commercials. As aresult of such an averaging of the audio levels of both the video signaland commercials, the effectiveness of a commercial skip detection systemthat tracks, i.e., senses, the audio signal as well as the video signalwill be reduced.

The audio processor circuit 120 may be a simple, or a moresophisticated, that is, multiband, audio processor, which may include anautomatic gain control (AGC) circuit, an audio peak limiting circuit, oran audio level compressor circuit. Alternatively, the audio processorcircuit may include an overcompensation circuit such that a large audiosignal is not “evened out” or averaged, but is turned down lower thanthe desired average level. Such an overcompensation in gain reduction isachieved for example by increasing the DC gain following the rectifiercircuit in an AGC amplifier.

FIG. 13B illustrates another embodiment of the invention, for reducingor defeating a commercial skip system which employs an audio sensingsystem, wherein an audio processor circuit 122 expands and attenuatesthe higher than normal average audio signal levels of a commercial so asto match substantially the average level and/or the dynamic range of theprogram material's audio signal.

FIG. 14A illustrates still another embodiment of the invention in whichthe audio signal level is turned down automatically in real time via anaudio processor circuit 124, for example, a voltage control amplifier,upon detection of a commercial via a commercial detector circuit 126.The circuit 124 may be set to a desired commercial audio level,including an attenuated commercial audio signal level. It follows thatthe audio processor circuit 124 generally reduces the audio signal levelfor commercials, while not substantially affecting the programmaterial's audio signal levels. The circuit of FIG. 14A also may be usedto reduce the effectiveness of a commercial skip system, such as asystem which senses the audio signal track (e.g., the system of FIG.12).

FIG. 14B illustrates in further detail the modification of an audiosignal when a commercial is sensed, as shown in FIG. 14A for example. Tothis end, a video signal is supplied to a fade to black detector circuit130 and/or a black to program detector circuit 132. The output of one orboth circuits 130, 132 is supplied to a timing circuit 134 whichgenerates an output signal which is coincident with the occurrence ofcommercials. The output of the circuit 134 is supplied to an audiosignal voltage control amplifier 136, which in turn produces a modified(for example, lowered) audio signal level during the presence of acommercial. Ergo, the circuits of FIGS. 14A, 14B provide the same usesor purposes.

FIG. 15 illustrates another embodiment of the invention for reducing inreal time the effectiveness of a commercial skip system, in which thecircuit is incorporated in a set top box, which may also contain arecording apparatus. To this end, a tuner 162 receives an RF signal ordata signal and supplies at its output a signal containing videoinformation plus at least one control bit. The control bit is suppliedto a control bit detector 164 which supplies a control signal to asignal modifier circuit 166, which also receives the output signal fromthe tuner 162. The modifier circuit 166 may incorporate any embodimentor combination of embodiments of previous mention which have theintention of reducing or defeating the effectiveness of a commercialskip system. It follows that the output of the modifier circuit 166 forexample may contain selected portions of selected video lines with alevel shifted signal (for example a non-black level signal, etc.) inresponse to the presence of the control bit.

The output of the modifier circuit 166 may be coupled to a recorder 168containing a commercial skip system the effectiveness of which will bereduced or defeated in accordance with the invention. FIG. 15 alsoillustrates a system whereby a transmitting cable facility or abroadcast facility has the capability of controlling the commercial skipsystem associated with for example a consumer's VCR, PVR or otherrecording apparatus.

FIG. 16 illustrates a circuit of another embodiment of the invention forreducing or defeating a commercial skip system which uses a sync signalto detect the presence of a commercial. Ergo, this embodiment implementsmodifications (including in real time) in a portion of the HBI, namelythe normal H sync signal (176 of FIG. 16A) of selected video lines, asillustrated in FIGS. 16B and 16C, so as to mislead and otherwise degradethe performance of a commercial skip system. To this end, a video signal(FIG. 16A) is supplied to a timing circuit 172 which generates a signal,that is, pulses, which are coincident with a selected portion of the HBIsuch as for example the H sync signal 176. The pulses may be of positiveor negative polarity to correspondingly modify the selected portion ofthe HBI in the selected video lines. The output of the timing circuit172 is supplied to an adder (or inserter) 174 which has a second inputcoupled to the video signal. The resulting output signal on an output ofthe adder 174 then contains H sync signals of the input video signalwith selected amplitude modified portions such as exemplified in FIGS.16B, 16C.

FIG. 16A illustrates a normal HBI waveform wherein the H sync signal 176is nominally 40 IRE units in amplitude. A commercial skip system may usea comparison of the nominal H sync signal with respect of the activevideo signal's picture level as a technique for assessing whether thevideo signal has faded to black level in a predetermined manner therebydepicting the start of a commercial. To exemplify, such a technique maydetermine the difference between the active video level and the H synctip. When the video signal transitions to a commercial, a fade to blacksequence begins and the signals B-A of FIG. 16A becomes about 40 IREunits. A commercial skip system may use this value to mark the beginningof a commercial.

Referring to FIG. 16B, if a portion of the H sync signal is modified,then a commercial skip system will measure a different value B-A′. Forexample, the H sync tip level has been reduced, and during dark scenesin the video signal, the difference B-A′ is less than 40 IRE units inamplitude, or lower, and thereby may cause the commercial skip system tomis-mark the beginning of a commercial.

In FIG. 16C, a portion of the H sync signal is increased, whereby a fadeto black signal in the video signal indicating a commercial will begreater than 40 IRE units. Thus the commercial skip system will not markthe beginning of a commercial.

FIG. 17 illustrates a circuit of still another embodiment of theinvention for reducing or defeating a commercial skip system (includingin real time) which uses a back porch signal to detect the presence of acommercial. This embodiment thus modifies a portion of the back porch ofan HBI of selected television lines so as to cause an erroneous readingof the commercial skip system. Here a video signal is input to a timingcircuit 176 and the output comprises a signal coincident with a portionof the back porch in selected video lines of the video signal. Theoutput of timing circuit 176 is coupled to an adder (or inserter) 178,which adds the output signal to the video input so as to modify thelevel of a portion of the back porch of selected lines of the videosignal.

Referring to FIG. 17A, a black reference level, zero ('0), is alteredsince as previously mentioned a commercial skip system may use a portionof the back porch to compare with the active video portion. Forinstance, normally the back porch level is BP, and a fade to blackbefore a commercial will yield B-BP, which is about 0 to 7.5% white. Byaltering a portion of the black porch such as lowering a portion of theback porch, as seen in BP′, a fade to black before a commercial willyield B-BP′, a number greater than 0 to 7.5% white (e.g., greater than10 IRE units). As a result of the lowered back porch portion, thecommercial skip system will not see a situation that denotes a fade toblack.

Alternatively, a portion of the back porch level may be raised asdepicted by dashed line and symbol BP″, to cause B-BP″ to yield 0 to7.5% white level during a program. This condition will cause acommercial skip system to erroneously mark or identify non-commercialportions of the program video as the beginning of a commercial.

It should be noted that the modifications to a portion of sync or to aportion of a back porch can be implemented via insertion and/or variablegain means in place of the adder circuit, 78.

FIG. 18 illustrates yet another embodiment of the invention wherein asignal (i.e., a modifying signal) is automatically added or inserted tothe program video (for example, in real time) during substantially blacklevel video fields to thereby reduce the effectiveness of a commercialskip system.

By way of explanation, when program video fades to black for an upcomingcommercial, a number of black active video: fields will occur. Bysensing a video field that is below a predetermined level, for example,black level, the signal (i.e., a modifying signal) may be added to thenext video field to disrupt the commercial skip system.

Accordingly, the technique employed by this embodiment senses the signallevel of the video signal, i.e., program video, in real time throughoutthe active portion of the video signal. Any video signal level above apredetermined level is considered a non-black program video level,whereupon no modifying signal is added.

To this end, referring to FIG. 18, a video source supplying programvideo is coupled to an amplifier 182 and also to an input of a summingcircuit 184. The output of amplifier 182 is coupled to a syncseparator/timing circuit 186 and to a filter 188. Filter 188 isoptional, but for example can be a luminance bandwidth filter or a fullvideo bandwidth filter. A purpose for filter 188 is to reduce noise. Theoutput of filter 188 is coupled to a clamp amplifier 190, whichpreferably clamps the program video to—a reference level such asblanking level or a sync tip level. The output of clamp amplifier 190then is coupled to a comparator 192. A reference voltage Vref is coupledto one of the inputs of comparator 192, wherein for example Vref may beset to correlate to above black level or about +10 to +15 percent ofpeak white. Vref may comprise a value slightly greater than a minimumluminance level, wherein the minimum luminance level may be derived bythe filter and negative peak detector 152, FIG. 14. The output ofcomparator 192 then ‘becomes for example. logic high for any pixel thatis above 10 or 15 percent peak white. An AND gate 194 assures that thelogic high signal from comparator 192 correlates to a selected portionof the active field and/or active line, in response to video active lineand video active field timing signals supplied to AND gate 194 by activeline and active field timing circuits 193 and 195, respectively.

The output of AND gate 194 is coupled to a one shot or flip flop, 196,which generates a pulse extending to the VBI. This extended pulse istransferred to a latch 198 to indicate that a previous field ha4 anon-black signal. Latch 198 is clocked by a timing circuit 199. Afterthe logic pulse of flip flop 196 is transferred to the latch 198 everyfield, a reset pulse from a delay circuit 200 clears the output of flipflop or one shot 196.

An inverting output of the latch 198 is supplied to an AND gate 202which also receives the timing signals from the active line and activefield timing circuits 193, 195. The output signal from the AND gate 202is supplied to a switch 203 and restricts the addition of a signal Vsig.4, via the switch 203 during selected portions of active fields and/oractive lines. The signal Vsig.4 is coupled to one input of the switch203, the other input being ground.

In the case of a full field being a non-black signal, the output of thecircuits of the comparator 192, AND gate 194 and flip flop 196 will behigh in this example. But since the inverting output of the latch 198 isused, a logic low from AND gate 202 switches the switch 203 to theground input. Thus a logic low (i.e., a zero level) is coupled to thevideo signal, i.e., program video, via the switch 203 and the groundinput, since an attenuator amplifier 204 supplies a logic low to thesumming circuit 184 of previous mention. The program video then issupplied from the summing circuit 184 via an output terminal.

However, if a full field is truly at black level, then the outputs ofcomparator 192, AND gate 194 and flip flop 196 will be low and theinverting output of the latch 198 will be high. Thus, a high logic levelor signal is added in this example to the video signal via the switch203, the signal Vsig.4 and the attenuator amplifier 204, during aselected portion of the next active field of the program video signal.To enhance the playability of the signal, it is preferable that Vsig.4be an amplitude or position modulated signal such as a varying rampsignal which raises for example pixel or line levels as a function oftime. The modulated signal may increase and decrease in level, that is,may have varying increasing rates. Of course it is readily apparent thata field store, such as for example the delay circuit 208 of FIG. 19, maybe used to correctly time the added signal to the existing active fieldrather than to the next active field.

FIG. 19 illustrates a circuit which, in accordance with the invention,adds a modifying signal to a video signal (for example, in real time)that contains at least a video field of black level. Since black levelfields. are used by commercial skip systems to detect the presence ofcommercials, as previously described, adding a modifying signal to theblack level fields will reduce the effectiveness of the commercial skipsystem.

To this end, in FIG. 19 an input video signal, i.e., program video, issupplied to a timing circuit 210 which then outputs a signal which iscorrelated to a portion of the active video signal. A black level fielddetector 212 receives the input video signal and senses any pixel of avalue above black level during a selected portion of a video fielddetermined by the timing circuit 210, and then outputs in real time aselected, i.e., low, logic level for the next video field. Should therebe a portion of a field that has no pixel value above black level, theblack level field detector 212 will then output an alternative, i.e.,high, logic signal for the next video field. In this instance, theoutput of detector 212 is then combined with the video input signal viaan inserting or summing circuit 214, which then outputs the modifiedblack level fields in the video signal to confuse the commercial skipsystem. It is preferable to combine the “delayed” signal output from thedetector 212 with a delayed input video signal. To this end, a delaycircuit 208 is illustrated in dashed line and delays the input videosignal before supplying it to the summing circuit 214.

FIG. 19A illustrates a waveform of a conventional input video signalsupplied to the timing circuit 210 of FIG. 19. Three active video fieldsof program video 216, 216′, 216″, are shown preceding two black levelfields 218 and 218′. As previously described, if there is a portion of avideo field that has no pixel above black level, for example field 218,the black field detector 212 of FIG. 19 will output the alternative(high) logic signal 220 FIG. 19B for the next field 218′. The transitionin FIG. 19A from the last field of program video 216″ to the black levelfield 218 constitutes an example of a fade to black signal such asextensively discussed previously.

FIG. 19C illustrates an embodiment of the invention in which a modifyingsignal 222 is added to the (delayed) video signal that contains at leasta field of black level; i.e., field 218, field 218′, etc. The modifyingsignal 222 is shown superimposed on the black level fields 218, 218′ andmay comprise about a +15 IRE signal for example.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating the addition of a (first)modifying signal to black level fields (for example, in real time),wherein the signal may be about a +9 IRE signal. In addition to such afirst signal, a second signal such as about an 8 IRE boost signal alsomay be added to portions of the active video signal. The boost signal ofabout 8 IRE is within the range of the brightness control of mosttelevision sets upon playback of the program video, and thus anyincrease in brightness in the viewed program video can be compensated.

To this end, a video signal is received by an automatic black levelcircuit 226 which also receives for example the first modifying signalas a signal Vsig4, equivalent to the Vsig4 of FIG. 18. The circuit 228thus outputs a video signal in real time in which the black level fieldsinclude the first modifying signals. An additional signal adding circuit228 receives the video signal with shifted black level fields and addsthe about 8 IRE boost signals to the previously shifted black levelfields as controlled by a Vsignal input 230.

It follows that the embodiment of FIG. 20 results in reduced visibilityof the combined modifying (pedestal) and boost signals by a viewerbecause about an 8 IRE black level boost that has been readjusted in thetelevision set plus about a 9 IRE pedestal in normally black levelfields is barely perceptible to the viewer, while causing about a net 17IRE shift in the black level as seen by the commercial skip system. Theapproximately 17 IRE shift in black level fields reduces theeffectiveness of the commercial skip detector and thus system. Of coursevalues or levels other than 9 and 8 IRE for the first modifying andboost signals, respectively, may be used.

FIG. 20A illustrates a conventional video signal supplied to theautomatic black level circuit 226 of FIG. 20 and which depicts thesignal with non-black (i.e., program video) field(s) 232 and black levelfield(s) 234.

FIG. 20B illustrates the video signal output from the automatic blacklevel circuit 226, in which first modifying signal(s) Vsig.4 (of forexample about 9 IRE) are added to the black level field(s) 234.

FIG. 20C illustrates a video signal output from the additional signaladding circuit 228 of FIG. 20, in which the additional boost signal 230of previous mention in FIG. 20 is added to portions of the active videosignal resulting in a raised level throughout the respective portion ofthe video signal. It follows that the original non-black signal 232(i.e., program video) has been raised slightly and can be adjusted backto the normal black level by adjusting the brightness control of thetelevision set upon playback. However, the original black level fields234 still are raised to a higher level of the signals 230 plus Vsig.4.

More particularly, the dashed line 242 represents the television set'snew black level after the brightness control has been adjusted (downslightly). The boost signal 230 added to the portions of the activevideo signal results in a slight increase in the level as depicted at230+Vsig.4 with respect of the television set black level 242 depictedin dashed line. However, the commercial skip system has a black levelreference denoted by the dashed line 244 and therefore senses a largersignal level shift for the black level fields. This causes an erroneousreading of a reference black level by the commercial skip system therebyreducing in real time the effectiveness of the commercial skip system.

In still other embodiments of the invention, other means for reducing ormodifying the video signal in accordance with the invention for reducingthe effectiveness of a commercial skip system, may include, first, achange in frequency response, and/or, second, a non linear transferfunction of for example an amplifier, situated for example in abroadcast facility. See the circuit of FIG. 10 for example. These othermeans thus can be used to reduce the effectiveness of a commercial skipsystem and may be implemented in any combination of analog, digital, RF,or software technologies.

To illustrate, in the first means of employing a change in frequencyresponse, a horizontal line tilt or vertical field rate tilt is created.This tilt or overshoot on a black level signal will cause a higher thannormal signal, which can be used to reduce the effectiveness of acommercial system. The change in frequency response may be implementedin the modifier circuit 8 of FIG. 1B.

To illustrate further, an altered frequency response may be implementedvia FIG. 10, with the elements 98, 100 and 106 of FIG. 10. Capacitor 98is chosen to cause a lift in frequency response at a selected frequency,and preferably, another capacitor (not shown) connected in parallel toresistor 106, is used to shelve the lift at another frequency. Note thatthe signal from signal source 104, Vbias, is an AC ground. Implementingthis frequency response alteration (when supplied to a commercial skipsystem), will cause tilt or overshoot in the video waveform suppliedfrom the output of the switch 102 or the amplifier 108, which can reducethe effectiveness of a commercial skip system.

Such a frequency response alteration also may be implemented in the RFdomain to achieve the results discussed in the previously mentionedparagraph.

Similarly, in the second means, which employs a non linear transferfunction, a non linear amplifier included for example in the modifiercircuit 8 of FIG. 1B may be used to reduce the effectiveness of. acommercial skip system. In this embodiment, the transfer function (orgamma) of for example the amplifier is altered to likewise. alter thecommercial identifying signal supplied to a commercial skip system. Anexample of altering the transfer function would be to increase the gainfor black or dark gray levels. As a result, black levels will be boostedto a new higher signal level, which generally will reduce theeffectiveness of a commercial skip system.

FIGS. 21A, 21B and 21C illustrate examples of nonlinear transferfunctions, which may be implemented in software and/or hardware. FIG.21A is an example whereby the black levels are raised and thus thisnonlinear transfer function may be used to restrict a minimum blacklevel, which then may be used to reduce the effectiveness of acommercial skip system.

FIG. 21B illustrates another nonlinear transfer function, which alsorestricts a minimum black level of video signal. This transfer functionmay be implemented via black clipping, again via software and/orhardware. Because there is some black clipping, the effectiveness of acommercial skip system is reduced.

Alternatively, FIG. 21C illustrates a nonlinear transfer function thatcompresses or drops some of the black level. This transfer function maybe used to at least counter a nonlinear transfer function such asdenoted in FIG. 21A. FIG. 21C also may be used to lower the black levelsof a video signal to thereby improve, rather than reduce, thereliability of a commercial skip system.

In an alternative embodiment of the invention, a substantiallycomplementary frequency response curve (e.g. undershoot) orcomplementary non-linear amplifier (e.g. depressed black level) may beused to at least partially offset the tilt or boosted black levels ofthe two previously mentioned means, and thereby provide some restorationin effectiveness of a commercial skip system. The complementary effectdescribed. in the preceding paragraph also may be used to improve thereliability of a commercial skip system which has not been altered viaany of the effectiveness reducing embodiments of the present inventionsuch as those of FIGS. 1B, 2B, 2C, 3, 5, etc., as is further describedbelow.

In regard to alternative embodiments of the invention for at leastpartially restoring the commercial skip system or at least restoring thecapability of commercial detection, modified versions of for exampleFIGS. 3 and/or 5 may be used. To illustrate, in FIG. 3, either offsetsignal Vsig.1 may be inverted in polarity or amplifier 20 may beinverted in gain. Then, the output of amplifier 20 will add a negativesignal to selected pixels of selected lines of selected fields of thevideo signal thereby to restore at least part of the commercial skipsystem's capability. The output 22 thus is a signal that at least partlyrestores the commercial skip system operation, whereby a signal such asthe video signal on input 12 has been modified to reduce or defeat thecommercial skip system which includes a commercial detector.

Similarly to the conversion of FIG. 3 to at least partially restore acommercial skip system, FIG. 5 may have signal Vsig.2 modified (forexample a negative signal) to add or to replace a commercial skip systemdefeat signal for selected pixels of selected lines of selected videofields to at least partly restore the commercial skip system. Here, forexample, the video signal on input 30 had been modified to add positivesignal levels at selected time intervals to reduce or defeat thecommercial skip system. By modifying signal Vsig.2 to a negative orinverted signal, the outputs 56 and/or 58 will have selected portions ofthe video signal lowered in level to thereby at least partly offset aportion of the added positive levels, to at least partly restore thecommercial skip system to properly detect commercials.

FIG. 22 illustrates another alternative embodiment of the invention forat least partially restoring (including in real time) the effectivenessof a commercial skip system. This embodiment detects the minimumluminance signal level of a video signal that has been level shiftedwith a pedestal signal, and then modifies the video signal with anegative level shifting signal so-as to restore the video signal with anormal black level. Thus, the circuit of FIG. 22 may be used to restoreor at least partially restore the effectiveness of a commercial skipsystem, and also may be used to enhance the effectiveness of an existingcommercial skip system.

Referring to FIG. 22, a video signal is supplied to a timing circuit140, a clamp circuit 142 and an adder 144. The timing circuit 140supplies a signal coincident with selected active video lines to acontrol input of a switch 146. The output of the clamp circuit is aclamped or DC restored signal and is supplied to the input of a trackand hold circuit formed of the switch 146, a capacitor 148 and a bufferamplifier 150. The clamp circuit 142 preferably contains a luminancefilter or a chroma reject filter. The output of the buffer amplifier 150preferably comprises a continuous stream of luminance signal values inresponse to the timing circuit 140.

The output of the buffer amplifier 150 is supplied to a negative peakdetector, or minimum video level detector 152, which determines theminimum luminance signal value, which then is supplied to an invertingamplifier 154. The output of the inverting amplifier 154 is supplied toan optional filter 156, such as a low pass filter, and thence to aswitch 158. A timing signal coincident with active portions of selectedvideo lines is supplied to the control input of the switch 158 which, inresponse, gates through a negative voltage during the active portions.The output of the switch 158 is supplied to an optional filter 160 whichin turn couples a negative level shifting signal to one input of theadder 144, which also receives the video signal. The output of the adder144 is a combined signal in which the incoming video signal is alteredto restore the normal black level in the video signal.

Although the embodiment of FIG. 22 is employed hereinabove to restorethe effectiveness of a commercial skip system which has been confused ormade unreliable by an embodiment of the invention of for example FIGS.2B, 2C, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, etc., the system of FIG. 22 can also be used toi prove or enhance the effectiveness of an existing effective commercialskip system.

More particularly, in the process of transmitting a video signal, afrequency response distortion, or other types of distortion, may occurin the video signal between the point of transmission and the point ofreception of the signal. At the reception location or facility thereceiving apparatus generally will incorporate the distortions as apositive level shift. It follows that such a “transmission distortion”can cause an existing (usually effective) commercial skip system to beunreliable. A system such as, for example the system of FIG. 22 (or asystem for lowering black levels) may be used to compensate for suchdistortions to at least restore the reliability of the existingcommercial skip system, or to enhance the effectiveness or restore thenormal black level, of a commercial skip system which has been defeatedor degraded.

To this end, the system of FIG. 22, or a system for lowering blacklevels, can be incorporated for example in a dual deck recorder, whereina user may wish to dub a second cassette from a previously recorded setof programs on a first cassette. There are products available which willincorporate a commercial skip system in the dual deck recorder, wherebythe commercial skip system is incorporated into the dubbed copy. Thesystem of FIG. 22 then can be used to enhance the effectiveness of theskip system. It is understood that the modification of signals via FIG.22 can be effected in the RF, digital or analog domain.

The system of FIG. 22 (or a system for lowering black levels) also maybe used in baseband video signals which are supplied to a recorder thatincorporates the commercial skip system. If there are “transmissiondistortions” in the black level due to transmission or other signalprocessing errors (e.g., incorrectly set black level), then the FIG. 22system can be used to help in restoring or otherwise enhancing theeffectiveness of the existing commercial skip system.

Accordingly, another alternative embodiment of the present inventionprovides a technique for enhancing the effectiveness, that is, thereliability, of an existing commercial skip system. To this end, thevarious methods and apparatuses of previous description in respect offor example systems for lowering video signals or black levels, such asillustrated in FIGS. 1B, 3, 5, 6, 10, etc., can be applied as well toenhance the reliability of the existing commercial skip system in amanner similar to the descriptions of the substantially complementaryfrequency response curve technique, the complementary non-linearamplifier technique of lowering black levels or the embodiment of FIG.22, of previous discussion.

FIG. 23 illustrates an embodiment of the invention for at leastpartially restoring the effectiveness of a commercial skip system or forenhancing the effectiveness of a skip system. FIG. 23 illustrates avideo signal coupled to a timing circuit 248 which outputs a signalrepresenting a selected portion of the active video signal, such as theactive line portions of the active video field. A negative peakdetector, or minimum video level detector, 250 then measures andpreferably stores the lowest signal level value of the video portion.For instance, if a video input signal has been modified with raised orincreased black level(s), the negative peak or minimum level detector250 will find the new black reference level. The commercial skip systemwill make use of this new black level reference from the detector 250 todetect for example a fade to black portion of the program video.

FIG. 23 thus illustrates a commercial skip system in which theeffectiveness of the system is at least partially restored, wherein thelowest or black level of an active portion of the video signal is sensedand/or stored. A prior art commercial skip system normally takes 0 IREor 7.5 IRE as a black reference level. Once the value of a true blacklevel is measured, this value is fed to the commercial skip system toprovide a more accurate method of sensing the commercial. When a videoprogram's normal black level (e.g. 7.5 IRE in NTSC) has been modified orraised, for example by transmission or reception distortion, etc., to anew black level of about 15 IRE, the conventional commercial skip systemmay have degraded effectiveness. By sensing the new black level of forexample 15 IRE via the negative peak or minimum level detector 250 andtiming circuit 248, and by using the new black level of, e.g., 15 IRE asa normal: black level, the commercial skip system will have at leastpartly restored effectiveness in detecting and skipping commercials.Also, the commercial skip system (252) may have its active videopixel/line timing gate altered to restore or enhance the effectivenessof the commercial skip system.

Although the present invention has been described and illustrated indetail, it to be understood that the same is by way of illustration andexample only and is not to be taken by way of limitation.

For example, the PVR or VCR may include a storage unit or units, whichmay include a hard drive, a CD ROM, a tape transport, a DVD ROM, aDVD-R, CDR, CDRW or memory unit such as RAM or ROM.

That is, it is also within the scope of the invention that digitaland/or analog recorders may include a dual deck or multiple deck system,wherein such devices may be comprised for instance of a hard drive ormemory, CDROM, DVD or tape for playback (e.g. playback devices), withhard drive, DVDR, CDR or tape or memory for recording (e.g. recordingdevices). Any of the playback devices mentioned above can comprise theprogram source 2 in FIGS. 1A and/or 1B. Likewise, any of the recordingdevices as described above can comprise the recorder 4 as denoted inFIGS. 1A and/or 1B. For instance, a recording of a program containingcommercials may be played back so that a dub of the recording maycontain skipped commercial(s). Modifying methods of previous descriptionin accordance with the invention (e.g. raising a black level), may beused to reduce the effectiveness of skipping commercials in a dubbedcopy of the recording. Likewise, methods of the alternative embodimentsof the invention (e.g. reducing a black level) as described in thepresent application, may be used to enhance the effectiveness ofskipping commercials in a dubbed copy.

Further, it is within the scope of the present invention that a set topbox or computer receiving information such as for example via phoneline, cable, satellite, Internet, DSL, or fiber communication, or thelike, can be denoted in FIGS. 1A and/or 1B. In this instance, the settop box or computer may receive a signal containing program information,which also may contain commercial information, for example as part ofvideo on demand (VOD), pay per view (PPV) or pay per download (PPD)commands or the like. A commercial skip system may than be included inthe set top box or computer via either software and/or hardware. It isreadily apparent that any method, such as raising or lowering theeffective black level, mentioned in this invention in the hardwareand/or software domain, will modify the data related to the videoinformation so as to reduce or to restore the effectiveness of acommercial skip system such as for instance, when program information isbased on a VOD, PPV or PPD process.

It is apparent that the recorders containing the commercial skip systemmay be implemented by selected devices such as typically, set top boxes,PVRs, VCRs and/or multiple deck recorders. Also, the set top boxes mayinclude tuner, recorder, hard drive, DVDR, etc., inside.

Likewise, it is apparent that a selected embodiment of the presentinvention is applicable for example when the reception of information(e.g., video data) is based on delivery systems such as phone lines,high speed connections, DSL, Internet, satellite, cable, fiber,wireless, WiFi, 802.11, USB, IEEE 1394, or the like.

In addition, a computer or computer component or software program mayemulate a PVR or VCR for an equivalent purpose of recording programswith a commercial skip feature. The computer also may include a networkor pocket computer. Further, the signal modifications and apparatuses orinvention embodiments may be implemented in any combination of theanalog, RF, software and/or digital domain.

Although the various embodiments of the invention have been describedherein with reference to reducing or restoring the. effectiveness of acommercial skip system, the invention concepts are equally applicable insimilar technology concerning pre-recorded tapes, DVDs, video on demand,etc., where program video, movies, etc., are downloaded, etc. In thistechnology, the present invention may be used to reduce or restore theskipping of previews of coming movies, promotional material, movietrailers, messages, etc., as well as any commercials.

Thus, it is to be understood that the spirit and scope of the presentinvention is limited only by the terms of the appended claims and theirequivalents.

1. (canceled)
 2. A method of processing a video signal to reduce ordefeat the effectiveness of commercial-skip systems, the methodcomprising: detecting a signal level in a portion of the video signalnot displayed on the user-equipment, the signal level being indicativeof the beginning or end of a commercial; providing a fade to non-blacksignal of selected signal level; and inserting the fade to non-blacksignal in the portion of the video signal not displayed on theuser-equipment, to thereby defeat or reduce the effectiveness of thecommercial skip system.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein detecting asignal level in a portion of the video signal not displayed on theuser-equipment comprises detecting a decreased video level of a fade toblack signal in the portion of the video signal not displayed on theuser-equipment.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein inserting the fade tonon-black signal in the portion of the video signal not displayed on theuser-equipment comprises: replacing a fade to black signal at thebeginning of a commercial with the fade to non-black signal of theselected signal level.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the fade tonon-black signal has a selected signal level of 5% to 30% of whitelevel.
 6. The method of claim 2, wherein the fade to non-black signal isone or more of: a gray level signal, a station or network logo, a colorsignal, a gray level signal plus a color signal, a random or varyingluminance signal, a random color signal, or a signal supplied via anon-linear transfer function.
 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the fadeto non-black signal is inserted at selected pixels in selected videolines of selected video fields of the portion of the video signal notdisplayed on the user-equipment.
 8. The method of claim 2, wherein anintensity of the fade to non-black signal is varied as the video signalis fading to the non-black signal.
 9. The method of claim 2, furthercomprising: generating a timing signal indicative of active lineportions of selected video lines of the video signal; and inserting thefade to non-black signal based on the generated timing signal.
 10. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the fade to non-black signal is added to afade to black signal to provide a gray signal in the portion of thevideo signal not displayed on the user-equipment.
 11. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the fade to non-black is a partial fade to black signalhaving a selected signal level of 80% to 90% of black level.
 12. Asystem for processing a video signal to reduce or defeat theeffectiveness of commercial-skip systems, the system comprising controlcircuitry configured to: detect a signal level in a portion of the videosignal not displayed on the user-equipment, the signal level beingindicative of the beginning or end of a commercial; provide a fade tonon-black signal of selected signal level; and insert the fade tonon-black signal in the portion of the video signal not displayed on theuser-equipment, to thereby defeat or reduce the effectiveness of thecommercial skip system.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the controlcircuitry, when detecting a signal level in a portion of the videosignal not displayed on the user-equipment, is configured to: detect adecreased video level of a fade to black signal in the portion of thevideo signal not displayed on the user-equipment.
 14. The system ofclaim 12, wherein the control circuitry, when inserting the fade tonon-black signal in the portion of the video signal not displayed on theuser-equipment, is configured to: replace a fade to black signal at thebeginning of a commercial with the fade to non-black signal of theselected signal level.
 15. The system of claim 12, wherein the fade tonon-black signal has a selected signal level of 5% to 30% of whitelevel.
 16. The system of claim 12, wherein the fade to non-black signalis one or more of: a gray level signal, a station or network logo, acolor signal, a gray level signal plus a color signal, a random orvarying luminance signal, a random color signal, or a signal suppliedvia a non-linear transfer function.
 17. The system of claim 12, whereincontrol circuitry is configured to insert the fade to non-black signalat selected pixels in selected video lines of selected video fields ofthe portion of the video signal not displayed on the user-equipment. 18.The system of claim 12, wherein the control circuitry is configured tovary an intensity of the fade to non-black signal as the video signal isfading to the non-black signal.
 19. The system of claim 12, wherein thecontrol circuitry is further configured to: generate a timing signalindicative of active line portions of selected video lines of the videosignal; and insert the fade to non-black signal based on the generatedtiming signal.
 20. The system of claim 12, wherein control circuitry isconfigured to add the fade to non-black signal to a fade to black signalto provide a gray signal in the portion of the video signal notdisplayed on the user-equipment.
 21. The system of claim 12, wherein thefade to non-black is a partial fade to black signal having a selectedsignal level of 80% to 90% of black level.